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FEED MANUAL 
AND NOTE BOOK 

F.W.WOLL,Ph.D. 



FEED MANUAL AND NOTE BOOK 



LIPPINCOTTS 

FARM MANUALS 

Edited by K. C. DAVIS, Ph.D. 



SECOND EDITION REVISED 

PRODUCTIVE SWINE HUSBANDRY 

By GEORGE E. DAY, B.S.A. 

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PRODUCTIVE HORSE HUSBANDRY 

By CARL W. GAY, B.S.A. 

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 

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I Q4 illustrations. xiii + 339 pages. $1.75 net. 

SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED 

PRODUCTIVE FEEDING OF FARM ANIMALS 

By F. W. WOLL, Ph.D. 

PROF. OF ANIMAL NUTRITION, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 

106 illustrations. xii + 375 pages. $1-75 net. 

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COMMON DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS 
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132 illustrations. xii + 393 pages. $i-75 net. 



FEED MANUAL AND 
NOTE BOOK 



PREPARED BY 

Fj W. WOLL, Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR OF ANIMAL NUTRITION, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 




PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON 
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 



AY 6,2. 



Copyright, 1917 
By J. B. Lippincott Company 



Electrotyped and Printed by J. B. Lippincott Company 
The Washington Square Press, Philadelphia, U. S. A. 



fo. 






MAY 10191/ 

©CIA460667 



PREFACE 

This Manual has been prepared with two main objects in view '.first, to 
enable students in agricultural schools and colleges to become thoroughly 
familiar with our more important feed materials, not only as regards their 
chemical composition and digestibility, but as to appearance, physical prop- 
erties, and the various conditions that influence their value for stock feeding; 
and second, to furnish a guide for the use of the feeds in compounding rations 
that is both scientifically correct and sound from a practical point of view. 
The aim has been to stimulate independent thinking so that the facts and 
principles brought out may form a part of the mental equipment of the 
student that will materially aid him in his later efforts to become a successful 
stockman. 

The plan of the exercises has purposely been made somewhat flexible, 
for the benefit of teacher and student alike, since local conditions in different 
sections and states vary greatly, both as to kinds and cost of the available 
feeding stuffs, and the feeding practices followed; hence, such special prob- 
lems as are of more direct value in a particular section may be given the pref- 
erence. The object of the simple tests given in the Manual is to acquaint 
the student with some of the common impurities or adulterations of feeding 
stuffs, which may be readily determined in the classroom without any special 
equipment beyond a few common inexpensive pieces of apparatus. The 
microscopic identification of components of feeding stuffs, condiments, etc., 
has not been attempted, since this requires special training in microscopic 
technique and a knowledge of the anatomy of plant tissues, as well as 
laboratory facilities, that may not be available for students taking a course in 
feeding. 

The Manual is based primarily on the author's book, "Productive Feed- 
ing of Farm Animals," 1 but it can also be readily used in connection with other 
text or reference books on this subject. The solution of many of the prob- 
lems given cannot, however, be found by referring to any one book. The 
literature on the subject, especially the publications of the various Experi- 

1 J. B. Lippincott Company, Publishers, Philadelphia, Penn., Revised Edition, 1916, 
385 pp. 



PREFACE 

ment Stations or the United States Department of Agriculture, must often 
be consulted, and in some cases, knowledge drawn from practical feeding 
experience. It will be found that the interest of the student in the subject 
will be quickened by this method of instruction, and that it will better prepare 
him to grapple with the feed problems of the farm later on that will present 
themselves, than if he were merely required to go through some problems of 
arithmetic relating to the feeding of stock, however valuable these may be. 

February, 1917 



6 



CONTENTS 

Page 

Introduction 9 

Instructions for Filling Out Feed Blanks 11 

A. Feeding Stuffs: 
Exercise 

1. Green Alfalfa 13 

2. A Study of Different Kinds of Hay 15 

3. Timothy Hay .- 16 

4. Meadow Hay 18 

5. Clover Hay 20 

6. To Calculate the Amount of Hay in a Mow 22 

7. To Calculate the Amount of Hay in a Stack 23 

8. Oat Straw 24 

9. Corn Silage 26 

10. To Calculate the Amount of Silage in Silos 28 

11. The Silo on the Stock Farm 29 

12. A Study of Market Prices of Feeding Stuffs 31 

13. Preliminary Study of Concentrated Feeds 33 

14. Tests for Adulterations of Concentrates 35 

15. Indian Corn 36 

16. corn-and-cob meal 38 

17. To Measure Corn in Cribs 39 

18. Oats 40 

19. To Determine Per Cent of Hulls in Oats 41 

20. Corn and Oats ("Ground Feed") 42 

21. Barley 43 

22. Milo Maize 44 

23. Grain Screenings 45 

24. Wheat Bran 46 

25. Wheat Middlings 48 

26. Red Dog Flour 50 

27. Buckwheat Feed 51 

28. To Determine Per Cent of Hulls in Buckwheat Feed and in Rice Feeds 52 

29. Gluten Feed 53 

30. Dried Beet Pulp 54 

31. Test of Water Absorption by Dried Beet Pulp 55 

32. Dried Brewers' Grains 56 

33. Dried Distillers' Grains 58 

34. Linseed Meal 60 

35. The Swelling Test for Linseed Meal 62 

36. Cottonseed Meal 63 

7 



CONTENTS 

37. Test for Impurities in Cottonseed Meal 65 

38. Coconut Meal 66 

39. Tankage ; 67 

40. Mixed Dairy Feeds, Miscellaneous Feeds, Etc 68 

41. Condimental Stock Feeds 74 

42. The Feed-Unit System '. 75 

43. Comparisons op Relative Economy of Feeding Stuffs 77 

44. Comparative Manurial Values of Feeds 79 

45. A Study of Farm Fertility 81 

B. Rations for Farm Animals: 

Exercise Page 

46. Problems in Calf Raising 82 

47. The Wolff-Lehmann Standard for Dairy Cows 84 

48. The Armsby Standard for Dairy Cows 86 

49. The Haecker Standard for Dairy Cows 88 

50. A Study of Rations for Dairy Cows 89 

51-55. Formulating Rations for Dairy Cows 90 

56. Criticisms of Rations for Dairy Cows 98 

57. Rations for Cows on Official Tests 100 

58-59. Relative Economy of Dairy Feeds. 101 

60. A Study of Herd Management 105 

61. Feeding Different-Sized Dairy Herds. • • • • 107 

62. Soiling Crops for Dairy Cows 108 

63. Value of Alfalfa Pasture 110 

64. Comparison of Feeds for Fattening Steers 1 12 

65-66. Rations for Fattening Steers 113 

67. Problems in Steer Feeding 115 

68-71. A Study of Rations for Horses 117 

72. Rations for Colts, Mares and Work Horses 123 

73. A Problem in Horse Raising. Krf 125 

74-^75. Rations for Fattening Pigs 126 

76. Feeding Market Pigs 128 

77. A Ration for Brood Sows with Litters ; . , ...... 129 

78. A Problem in Pig Feeding 130 

79. A Study of Rations for Growing Sheep 131 

80. Rations for Fattening Lambs . 132 

81. A Study of Poultry Feeds . .., 133 

. 82. A Study of Poultry Rations 134 

Digestion Coefficients of Common Feeding Stuffs 136 

List of Apparatus for Making Tests for Impurities in Feeds 137 



INTRODUCTION 

The Manual is divided into two parts: 

I. Exercises relating to the value of common feeding stuffs used by 
American stockmen, their chemical composition and digestibility, methods of 
preparation, examination for purity, relative feeding values, etc. 

II. Exercises illustrating calculations of rations for farm animals, the 
right and wrong uses of the various feeds for feeding cattle, horses, sheep, 
swine, and poultry, and general problems connected with the feeding of farm 
stock. 

The plan of the exercises follows in general that of the author's "Pro- 
ductive Feeding of Farm Animals"; references in the case of individual exer- 
cises are given to the chapters in which the necessary information may be 
found. In many cases, references given under the literature of the subject 
at the close of each chapter or in footnotes must be consulted. A number of 
tests for common impurities and adulterations of feeding stuffs are included 
in the exercises. These call for some simple inexpensive apparatus, a list of 
which is given at the back of the book. A standard collection of weed seeds 
will be found very useful in identifying weed seeds in mixed feeds, grain, 
screenings, etc. 



INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILLING OUT FEED BLANKS 

Origin. — Give name of locality where grown, or name of manufacturer 
or feed dealer; in the case of by-products and manufactured feeds, also source 
and method of manufacture. 

Guarantees. — Copy these from the sack or package in which the feed is 
sold. 

Quality. — Factors having a bearing on the quality of the feed are given 
here: proportionate parts of coarse and fine materials, leaves or stems, flavor, 
freedom from mustiness or molds. 

Value for Feeding Farm Animals. — Designate by a word or two, giving 
important detailed information of the value for special animals at bottom 
of page under General Remarks, or on back of page. Information as to the 
value and characteristic properties of the various feeding stuffs will be found 
under the discussions of the feeds, Productive Feeding, Chapters XII to XX, 
or in the chapters discussing the feeding of the respective farm animals 
(Chapters XXI to XXVI). 

Chemical Composition. — Average composition: copy from Productive 
Feeding, Appendix Table I. 

Digestion Coefficients.— Copy from the Table near the back of this Manual. 

Per Cent Digestible Components.— Obtained by multiplying the per cent 
of the various components by the respective digestion coefficients given. Dif- 
ferences between the percentages of digestible components thus obtained and 
the corresponding figures in the last two columns of Productive Feeding,, 
Appendix Table I, that may occur, are of minor importance, in view of the 
natural variations in the digestibility of the same feeds. 

Carbohydrates. — Include nitrogen-free extract and fiber. 

Digestible Carbohydrates and Fat. — Equal the sum of digestible carbo- 
hydrates and digestible fat, multiplied by 2.25. 

Total Digestible Matter.— Equals digestible protein -f- digestible carbo- 
hydrates + digestible fat X 2.25. 

Cost Per Ton and Per Pound. — Give retail price at feed store or as billed. 

Weight Per Sack or Per Quart.— Determine the latter by weighing, if 
practicable; if not, use Appendix Table VI in Productive Feeding; for legal 
weights of grain, seeds, etc., see the author's "Handbook for Farmers and 
Dairymen," 6th Edition, page 400. 

General Remarks.— Give general importance as a stock feed, special value 
or limitations as a feed for any class of farm animals, points affecting the value 
of the feed one way or the other, palatability, flavor, content of certain 
aromatic or bitter principles, effect on bowels, etc. 

11 



> v 



A. FEEDING STUFFS 
Exercise 1. Green Alfalfa 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XII) 

Origin 

Kinds and per cent of weeds present 



Stage of maturity. . . . 
Quality of green feed . 
Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Green Alfalfa 


Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Dry matter 








• • • • 

4 




Protein 




Fat 




Fiber 




N-f ree extract 




Ash 




Carbohydrates 






1: 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. 

Cost per lb. of digestible matter 



13 



Exercise 1 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



14 



Exercise 2. A Study of Different Kinds of Hay 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XII) 

Examine a sample of such of the following kinds of hay as are available: 
Timothy hay, mixed timothy and clover, red clover hay, alfalfa hay, hay from 
mixed grasses, grain hay, prairie hay, etc. 

Determine the per cent, of different grasses or legumes in each, foreign 
materials, weeds, color, freedom from molds or rust, etc. Grade the hay ac- 
cording to the commercial grades adopted by the National Hay Association 1 . 

Give the various conditions affecting the value of market hay. 



1 Farmers' Bulletin 508; Woll, Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen, 6th Edition, 
p. 406a. 

IS 



Exercise 3. Timothy Hay 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given, 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XII) 



(Reference, Pro- 



Origin . 



Is it pure? 

If not, state character and amount of impurities. 



Identify weeds if ] 


iresent 


















Value for feeding : 




Dairy Cows 


Beef Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 












Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Timothy Hay 



Drv matter. 



Protein . 



Fat. 



Fiber . 



N-free extract. 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Carbohydrates and fat. 



Total digestible matter. 




Nutritive 
Ratio 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. 

Cost per lb. of digestible matter 

16 



Exercise 3 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



17 



Exercise 4. Meadow Hay 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XII) 



Origin 

Predominating grasses 

Is it pure? • 

If not, state character and amount of impurities. 



Identify weeds if present. 

Quality of hay 

Value for feeding : 



Dairy Cows 


Beef Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 













Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Meadow Hay 


Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Dry matter 










Protein 




Fat 




Fiber 




N-free extract 




Ash 




Carbohydrates 




Carbohydrates and fat 

Total digestible matter 


1: 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. 

Cost per lb. of digestible matter 

18 



Exercise 4 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



19 



Exercise 5. Clover Hay 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XII) 

Origin 

Variety of clover (red, mammoth, alsike, medium, etc.) 



Quality (leafy, stemmy, medium) 

Stage of maturity when cut 

Kinds and per cent of weeds present . 
Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 


Beef Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 














Chemical Corn-position, in Per Cent 



Clover Hay- 



Dry matter . 
Protein 



Fat. 



Fiber. 



N-f ree extract . 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter. 




Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients... . 
20 



Exercise 5 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



21 



Exercise 6. To Calculate the Amount of Hay in a Mow 

Rule: Multiply the figures representing the length and the width of 
the mow in feet, and this product by the average height of hay in the mow. 
In case of new mixed hay, timothy hay, or only partly filled mows, divide the 
product by 450. If old and well-packed hay, divide by 400. The quotient 
will give the approximate number of tons of hay in the mow. 

Problem 1 : A mow 40 x 36 feet is filled 24 feet deep with newly harvested 
hay, — how many tons are there in the mow? 



Problem 2: How many tons of hay in a mow 36 x 52 feet, filled 28 feet 
high with old, well-packed hay? 



22 



Exercise 7. To Calculate the Amount of Hay in a Stack 

Rule: Multiply the width of the stack in feet by the "over" (i. e., the 
distance from the base of the stack on one side over the top to the base on 
the other), divide the product by 4, and multiply the quotient by the length. 
This gives the contents of the stack in cubic feet; for hay that has stood less 
than 30 days, divide by 512; 30 to 60 days, by 422; over 60 days, by 380. 
The quotient gives the tonnage of the stack. 

Example: A two-months old stack is 30 feet wide by 40 feet "over," 
and 75 feet long. How many tons of hay does it contain? 



23 



Exercise 8. Oat Straw 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given, 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XIII) 



(Reference, Pro- 



Origin . 



Is it clean,. bright, and free from mustiness?. 

Quality 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Oat Straw 


Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Dry matter 


.... 









Protein 




Fat 




Fiber 




N-free extract 




Ash 




Carbohydrates 




Carbohydrates and fat 

Total digestible matter 


1: 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. (or bale x ) . 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients 



1 Give dimensions of bale in case of baled straw. 



24 



Exercise 8 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



25 



Exercise 9. Corn Silage 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given, 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XV) 



(Reference, Pro- 



Orig 



in. 



Quality 

Is there any moldy or decayed silage in the sample? . 



Flavor • 

How long since silo was filled? How long since sample was taken?. 

Maturity of corn when cut for the silo '. 

Approximate proportion of grain in sample 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Corn Silage 



Dry matter. 



Protein . 



Fat... 
Fiber. 



N-free extract. 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter. 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Average 
Composition 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



26 



Exercise 9 (Continued) 

Estimated cost per ton per 100 lbs 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients 

General Remarks: 



27 



Exercise 10. To Calculate the Amount of Silage in Silos 

Calculate the content of the silo in cubic feet, and divide by 50. The 
quotient will give the number of tons of silage in the silo. The figure 50 is 
obtained by dividing 2000 by 40, the average weight of a cubic foot of Indian 
corn silage. In the case of a cylindrical silo, the cubical content is obtained 
by multiplying the square of the radius (one-half the diameter) by the height, 
and the product by 3.14. 

The weight of a cubic foot of silage in the lower half of the silo, for silage 
made from nearly matured Indian corn, or from legumes at beginning bloom, 
may be estimated at 50 pounds, on the average, and that in the upper half 
at 35 pounds. In case of non-saccharine sorghums, milo, kafir, etc., small 
grains, alfalfa or clover somewhat wilted or cut at a rather advanced stage 
of maturity, twenty-five per cent may be deducted from the estimated capa- 
city thus obtained. 

Example : How many tons of silage will a silo hold, 18 feet in diameter, 
36 feet high, if filled with Indian corn cut with kernels in the roasting stage? 



Example 2: How many tons of Indian corn silage are left in the lower 
half of a 36-foot silo, 16 feet in diameter? How many tons of milo silage? 



28 



Exercise 11. The Silo on the Stock Farm 

Explain the relation between the feeding surface of silage (the diameter 
of the silo) and the size of the dairy herd to be fed. 

What are the outside limits for the diameter of silos adapted to practical 
farm conditions? 



Example 1 : How large should a silo be built, and how large a field should 
be planted to Indian corn, for supplying a herd of 25 cows, to be fed 30 pounds 
of silage per head daily for a period of 150 days? 



Example 2: How long will the silage last in a completely filled silo, 16 
feet in diameter, 36 feet high, when fed at the rate of 28 pounds per head 
daily to a herd of 35 dairy cows? 



29 



Exercise 11 (Continued) 

Example 3: How can a silo be filled twice during the year with crops 
grown on the same land (applies to the southern and southwestern states 
mainly)? Mention silage crops to be grown; give approximate time of sow- 
ing or planting, and cutting the crop for the silo, and feeding the silage, in 
case of both crops. 



Example 4-' Corn silage in a 16-foot silo filled 35 feet deep will be fed 
to a herd of 28 milch cows, to 12 steers and to 150 sheep at the rate of, re- 
spectively, 35, 24, and 3 pounds per head daily. How long will the silage last? 



30 



% 



Exercise 12. A Study of Market Prices of Feeding Stuffs 

Compute the weekly market quotations of the feeds given in the follow- 
ing list from one of the main agricultural papers of the state, preferably for 
a period of several years. Several feeds may be assigned to each student in 
order that a longer period may be compared and the figures obtained may have 
general value. Where no market quotations are available, the cost given in 
the feed bulletins of the various experiment stations or the feed inspection 
bureaus may be used. In the case of feeds where no market quotations or 
prices are available, the figures for local prices to be adopted should be decided 
after careful consideration and discussion in the class : 

Roughage 
Timothy hay 
Mixed timothy and clover 
Red clover hay 
Alfalfa hay 

Hay from mixed grasses (meadow hay) 
Grain hay 
Prairie hay 
Pea-vine hay 
Pasture 

Green sorghum 
Corn stover 
Oat straw- 
Corn silage 
Alfalfa silage 
Mangels 
Sugar beets 



31 



Exercise 12 (Continued) 
Concentrates 



Indian corn 

Corn-and-cob meal 

Oats 

Barley 

Wheat 

Milo 

Wheat bran 

Wheat middlings 

Red dog flour 

Hominy feed 

Gluten feed 

Buckwheat middlings 

Buckwheat feed 

Dried brewers' grains 

Malt sprouts 

Dried distillers' grains 

Linseed meal 

Cottonseed meal 

Cottonseed hulls 

Coconut meal 

Dried beet pulp 

Molasses beet pulp 

Molasses 

Skim milk 

Whole milk 

Tankage 



32 



Exercise 13. Preliminary Study of Concentrated Feeds 

1. Give a list of six common stock feeds in your state that are chiefly val- 
uable on account of their protein contents; likewise a list of six feeding stuffs 
that are classed as carbohydrate or starchy feeds, of six that are especially 
high in fat (oil), and of six that are especially high in fiber. 

High-protein Feeds Carbohydrate Feeds 

1 1 

2 2 

3 3 '. 

4 4 

5... 5 

6 6 

Feeds High in Fat Feeds High in Fiber 

1 1 

2 ". 2 

3 3 

4 4 ■ 

5 5 

6 6 



33 



Exercise 13 (Continued) 

2. Obtain samples weighing about a pound each of as many concentrated 
feeds as can be found in the local feed stores ; note the guarantees on the sacks in 
each case and the retail cost of each feed per ton and per 100 pounds; tabulate 
the figures either in the note book or on the blackboard and make comparisons 
between the cost and the digestible components, energy and feed-unit values. 1 
Place the feeds in the order of increasing cost, according to the three methods 
of comparison, and discuss the results obtained (Productive Feeding, Chap- 
ter X). 



1 Productive Feeding, Tables I, III, IV in Appendix. 
34 



Exercise 14. Tests for Adulterations of Concentrates 

Examination for impurities: Separate samples of 100 grams of the feed 
into three portions, — coarse, medium and fine, by means of two sieves, 20- 
and 80-mesh (or into two portions by means of 50-mesh sieve). Examine 
carefully each part for foreign matter: hulls (oats, rice, barley, buckwheat), 
grain screenings, whole weed seeds, elevator or mill sweepings, ground corn 
cobs, sawdust, ground stone pits (olive, brazil nuts), ground peanut hulls, 
ground coffee hulls, sand, etc. 

Examination for moldiness: 5 grams of the ground sample are mixed 
with distilled water, poured on a Petri dish (or a saucer) and kept at 80 to 100 
degrees F. for 24 hours or more. Examine for colonies of molds or bacteria 
with a magnifier and compare these with those found in the case of similar 
feeds of known purity. 

Weed seeds in concentrates: Separate and count the weed seeds in (a) 10 
grams and (b) 20 grams of the thoroughly mixed feed sample and calculate 
the average of the two. Determine their number in one pound and one ton 
of the feed (one pound Avoirdupois equals 453 grams). 

Identify as many of the weed seeds as possible by comparison with a 
standard collection of weed seeds, and give the number of noxious weeds in 
the sample. (A collection of 200 economic seeds is prepared for schools by 
the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture). 

Sand and mineral impurities: Place a tablespoonful of the feed in a tum- 
bler, fill this three-fourths full with water, stir vigorously and pour off care- 
fully the turbid liquid; repeat this until the top liquid is clear. The sedi- 
ment will consist of sand, calcium carbonate, gypsum, or other mineral im- 
purities, most of which may be readily identified. The per cent present may 
be determined approximately by drying and weighing the sediment, pro- 
vided a definite amount of feed was weighed out, e. g., 20 grams. 



35 



Exercise 15. Indian Corn (Corn Meal 1 ) 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVI) 



Origin 

Race and variety 

Quality (hard or soft, plump or shrunken, dry or damp, etc. 

Impurities 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 


Beef Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 












Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Indian Corn 



Dry matter. 
Protein 



Fat 

Fiber 

N-free extract . 
Ash 



Carbohydrates . 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter. 




Nutritive 
Ratio 



1 If corn meal, separate 50 grams of the sample in two portions by means of a 50-mesh 
sieve. Weigh each portion and calculate per cent of fine- and coarse-ground. Also examine 
for odor, moldiness or mustiness. 



36 



Exercise 15 (Continued) 

Cost per ton per lb 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients 

Weight of 1 bushel 1 quart 

General Remarks: 



37 



Exercise 16. Corn-and-Cob Meal 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.) 

Purity 

Identify weed seeds, if present 

Quality 



Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Chemical Corn-position, in Per Cent 



Sheep 



Corn and Cob Meal 



Dry matter. 



Protein . 



Fat.. 
Fiber. 



N-free extract. 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Average 
Composition 



Total digestible matter 

Cost per ton per lb. . 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients, 
General Remarks: 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



38 



Exercise 17. To Measure Corn in Cribs 

When the crib is equilateral: Multiply the length by the breadth, and that 
again by the height, all expressed in inches, and divide the product by 2748 
(the number of cubic • inches in a heaped bushel) ; the quotient will be the 
number of bushels of ears. Two-thirds of the quotient will represent the 
number of bushels of shelled corn. 

Example: Find the number of bushels of shelled corn contained in a crib 
12 feet long by 6 feet wide and 8 feet high, filled with ear corn. 



When the crib is flared at the sides: Multiply half the sum of the top and 
bottom width by the perpendicular height, all expressed in inches, and that 
again by the length in inches, and divide the product by 2748; the quotient 
will be the number of heaped bushels of ears. Two-thirds of the quotient 
will represent the number of bushels of shelled corn. 

39 



Exercise 18. Oats 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVI) 

Origin 

Quality (well cleaned, heavy or light oats, clipped or bleached) 



Impurities 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Oats 



Dry matter. 



Protein . 



Fat. 



Fiber . 



N-free extract. 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Beef Cattle 



Carbohydrates and fat , 



Total digestible matter. 



Horses 



Swine 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Average 
Composition 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Sheep 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



Cost per ton per lb 

Cost per pound of digestible nutrients . . . 

Weight of 1 bushel 1 quart . 

General Remarks: 



40 



Exercise 19. To Determine Per Cent of Hulls in Oats 

Weigh out and examine carefully two lots of 100 oat kernels from a well- 
mixed sample of oats, and record the weights below. Separate the hulls of 
the kernels in each lot by means of a scalpel or penknife, and weigh them 
carefully; also any impurities that may be present. Calculate the percentage 
of this weight to that of the whole oats. 

Per cent Hulls 



Sample 1. 
Sample 2. 




What is an average figure for per cent of hulls in heavy, medium, and 
light oats? 



41 



Exercise 20. Corn and Oats, "Ground Feed" 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees : Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.) 

Purity . 

Identify weed seeds if present 

Fineness of feed (per cent passing through a 50-mesh sieve) 

Odor (fresh, damp, musty) 

Quality 



Value for feeding: 










Dairy Cows 


Beef Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 













Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Corn and Oats 



Dry matter 

Protein 

Fat 

Fiber 

N-f ree extract 

Ash 

Carbohydrates 

Carbohydrates and fat . 
Total digestible matter. 



Average 
Composition 



Digestion 
Coefficients 1 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Cost per ton per lb. 

Cost per lb. digestible nutrients . 
General Remarks: 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



1 Assuming "Ground Feed" was composed of equal parts, by weight, of corn and oats. 
42 



Exercise 21. Barley 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given, 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVII) 
Origin 



(Reference, Pro- 



Quality (well cleaned, plump, bright, freedom from other grains) 

Mechanical condition (whole, ground, rolled) 

Impurities 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Barley 



Dry matter. 

Protein 

Fat 



Fiber. 



N-free extract. 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter. 



Average 
Composition 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



Cost per ton per lb 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients 

Weight of 1 bushel 1 quart . 

General Remarks: 



43 



Exercise 22. Milo Maize (or Other Grain Sorghums) 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the. feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVI) 



nn. 



Origi: 

Strain and variety. 

Quality 



Impurities . 
Value for feeding: 



DaiTy Cows 


Beef Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 













Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Milo Maize 


Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 










































N-free extract 




Ash 




.... 


.... 




Carbohydrates 




Carbohydrates and fat 




.... 




1: 


Total digestible matter 


i 









Cost per ton per lb 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients 

Weight of 1 bushel 1 quart . 

General Remarks: 



44 



Exercise 23. Grain Screenings 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XVI) 

Weigh out two portions of 10 grams each and separate them into four 
different parts as follows: (1) kernels of grains or other economic plants, (2) 
weed seeds, (3) chaff, straw, etc., and (4) dirt, sand, etc. 

Weigh each portion separately and calculate the per cent in the screen- 
ings. Identify as many of the different weed seeds as possible by comparison 
with a standard seed collection. 

Weigh separately the weed seeds present in large numbers and calculate 
the per cent in the screenings. 

Identify noxious and poisonous weed seeds in the sample, giving the 
number of each, and calculate the number in one pound and one ton of the 
screenings. 

Composition of Grain Screenings. 





Sample 1 


Sample 2 


Average Per 


10 Grams Contained 


Weight 


Per Cent 


Weight 


Per Cent 


Cent 


1. Kernels of grains, etc 

2. Weed seeds 




• 








3 Chaff, straw, etc 




4. Dirt and sand 









Noxious Weeds Present in 10 Grams of Screenings 





Weight 


Per Cent 


Number 


Number in 


Name 


1 Pound 


lTon 


• 




































• 













45 



Exercise 24. Wheat Bran 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given, 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVII) 
Origin 



(Reference, Pro- 



Guarantees: Per cent fat Per cent protein Per cent fiber (max.) 

Quality (Roller or Country-mill, freedom from mustiness or molds) 

Proportion of floury material 

Impurities 

Number of whole weed seeds in 10 grams 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Wheat Bran 



Dry matter. 



Average 
Composition 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Protein 




Fat 




Fiber. 




N-f ree extract 




Ash 




Carbohydrates . . . 




Carbohydrates and fat . 
Total digestible matter . . 





Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



Cost per ton p er j^ 

Cost per lb. of digestible 'nutrients . 
Weight of sacks i quart 



46 



Exercise 24 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



47 



Exercise 25. Wheat Middlings 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given, 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XV) 



(Reference, Pro- 



Origin 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.). 

Kind of middlings (flour, standard or shorts) 

Quality (proportion of flour, freedom from mustiness or molds) 

Are ground screenings or whole weed seeds found in sample? 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 


Beef Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 













Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Wheat Middlings 


Average 
Composition 


Digestion 

Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Dry matter 










Protein 




Fat 




Fiber 

N-f ree extract 




Ash 




Carbohydrates 




Carbohydrates and fat 

Total digestible matter 

• 


1 



Cost per ton per lb 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients 

Weight per sack per quart . 



48 



Exercise 25 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



49 



Exercise 26. Red Dog Flour 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given, 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XV s * 



(Reference, Pro- 



Origin 



Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.). 

Quality 



Impurities 

Value for feeding : 

Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Red Dog Flour 



Average Digestion 

Composition Coefficients 



Dry matter. 



Protein . 



Pat. 



Fiber. 



N-free extract . 



Ash 

Carbohydrates . 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter. 



Cost per ton per lb 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients 

Weight per sack per quart. 

General Remarks: 



50 



Exercise 27. Buckwheat Feed 



(Reference, Pro- 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given, 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees 

Quality 

Per cent hulls floury materials 1 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Buckwheat Feed 


Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Drv matter 










Protein 




Fat 




Fiber 

N-free extract 




Ash 

Carbohydrates 

Carbohydrates and fat ....... 

Total digestible matter 


1: 



Cost per ton per lb 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients 

Weight per sack 1 quart . 

General Remarks: 



See following exercise. 



51 



Exercise 28. 



A, To Determine Per Cent of Hulls in Buckwheat 
Feed 



Weigh out 100 grams of the thoroughly mixed sample and separate it 
into two portions by means of a 50-mesh sieve. Weigh each portion, repeat 
the experiment and average the results. Calculate percentages of hulls' and 
middlings present in the sample. 





Sample 1. 


Sample 2 


Average 




Weight 


Per Cent 


Weight 


Per Cent 


Per Cent 


Hulls 






Total . 






Middlings 









B, Test for Rice Hulls 

Pure rice bran and rice meal contain considerable fat, and are not moist- 
ened if placed on the surface of water. When a teaspoonful of a sample of 
rice bran or rice meal adulterated with hulls is placed on the surface of water 
in a tumbler the hulls will soon sink into the water. Make the test with a 
sample of rice bran or meal of known purity for comparison. 



52 



Exercise 29. Gluten Feed 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVII) 

Origin . . . 

Guarantees: Per cent fat Per cent protein Per cent fiber (max.) 

Quality 

Impurities 

Is it artificially colored? : 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Gluten Feed 


Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
^Coefficients 


Per Cent 

•Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Dry matter 


» 


.... 







Protein 




Fat 




Fiber 




N-free extract ' 




Ash 




Carbohydrates 




Carbohydrates and fat 

Total digestible matter 


1: 



Cost per ton .per lb 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients . . . 

Weight of sacks 1 quart . 

General Remarks: 



1 If so stated on sacks ; may be determined by noting the color of the water extract. 

53 



Exercise 30. Dried Beet Pulp 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XIII) 

Origin 



(Reference, Pro- 



Is it plain dried beet pulp or dried molasses beet pulp?. 
Is it clean, bright and free from mustiness, or lumpy? 
Color 



Quality 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sbeep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Beet Pulp 



Dry matter 



Average 
Composition 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Protein . 



Fat. 



Fiber. 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



N-free extract . 
Ash 



Carbohydrates . 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter. 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients. . . 

Weight per sack per quart . . 

General Remarks: 



54 



Exercise 31. Test of Water- Absorption by Dried Beet Pulp 

Weigh out 10 grams of the dried pulp and place in a beaker with 100 
c.c. of water, mix well by stirring with a glass rod or spoon and cover with a 
watch glass. Leave standing until the following day or at least 6 to 8 hours. 
Pour off and weigh excess of w^ter and figure ratio of amount of water 
absorbed to weight of pulp. 

Repeat experiment with a sample of dried molasses beet pulp. 



55 



Exercise 32. Dried Brewers' Grains 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat. .• Per cent fiber (max.) 

Purity 



Cereal grains identified in sample 
Quality 



Value for feeding : 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Dried Brewers' Grains 



Dry matter . 



Protein 



Fat 

Fiber 

N-free extract. 
Ash 



Carbohydrates . 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter. 



Average 
Composition 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



Cost per ton per lb 

Cost per lb. digestible nutrients 

Weight per sack per quart . 



36 



Exercise 32 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



57 



Exercise 33. Dried Distillers' Grains 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVII) 



Origin . 



Guarantees : Per cent protein .... 
Cereal grains identified in sample 

Purity 

Identify weed seeds if present 

Quality 

Value for feeding: 



. Per cent fat . ■ Per cent fiber (max.) 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Dried Distillers' Grains 


Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Dry matter 


.... 


.... 







Protein 




Fat 




Fiber 




N-free extract 




Ash 




Carbohydrates 




Carbohydrates and fat 

Total digestible matter 


1: 



Cost per ton per lb . 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients. . . 

Weight per sack per quart . 

58 



Exercise 33 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



59 



Exercise 34. Linseed Meal 



(Reference, Pro- 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given, 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.) 

Is it old-process or new-process meal? (See following exercise) 

Quality 

Mechanical condition (fine- or coarse-ground, pea size, etc.) 

Impurities 

Value of feeding: 



Dairy Cows 


Beef Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 












Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Linseed Meal 



Dry matter. 



Average 
Composition 



Protein 



Fat. 



Fiber . 



N-free extract. 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Carbohydrates and fat 



Total digestible matter . 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



Cost per ton per lb . . 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients . 



Weight of sacks 1 quart . 

60 



Exercise 34 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



61 



Exercise 35. The Swelling Test for Linseed Meal 

Pulverize a small amount of the meal and place a level teaspoonful of 
it in a tumbler; add 10 teaspoonfuls of boiling hot water to the meal. Stir 
thoroughly and allow to settle. Old-process meal will remain jelly-like on 
standing, while the new-process meal will settle in the course of an hour and 
leave a clear yellowish solution on top. See Fig. 38 in Productive Feeding. 

About what proportion of clear water is left on top in case of each sample? 



Test for starch: Add a few drops of iodine solution to the clear liquid in 
each tumbler and note the color. Is starch present in either case? 

A more delicate test for starch may be made by placing a very small 
amount of the finely pulverized meal on a slide, mixing it with a couple of 
drops of distilled water, and adding a drop of iodine solution. Examine under 
microscope for blue-colored specks. Starch is not present in meal made from 
clean, well-matured flaxseed. 



62 



Exercise 36. Cottonseed Mea.l 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Reference, Pro- 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees : Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.) 



Color 



Quality 

Impurities (see following exercise) 

Is it fine or coarse-ground, pea or nut size, etc? 
Value for feeding : 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Cottonseed Meal 



Average 
Composition 



Dry matter . 
Protein .... 



Fat. 



Fiber. 



N-free extract. 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter. 



1: 



Cost per ton per lb 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients . . . 
Weight of sacks 1 quart . 



63 



Exercise 36 (Continued) 
General Remarks: 



64 



Exercise 37. Test for Impurities in Cottonseed Meal 

Place a teaspoonful of the meal in a tumbler and pour over it \y 2 to 2 oz. 
of hot water. Stir the mass until it is thoroughly wet and all the particles 
are floating. Allow it to subside for from 5 to 10 seconds and pour off. If a 
large amount of fine, dark-brown sediment has settled in this time (a sediment 
noticeably heavier than the fine mustard-yellow meal and one which upon 
repeated treatments with boiling hot water keep settling out) the goods are 
a feed meal, i. e., meal containing relatively large quantities of ground hulls. 
All meals contain small quantities of hulls and show dark specks. If, however, 
there is found a large amount of this residue, one which persists in remaining 
after several washings and decantings, it is surely composed of hulls and the 
goods are a feed meal or an adulterated cottonseed meal. 

The results of the test are very striking when a feed meal is compared 
with a meal of known purity, which is similarly tested at the same time (Ver- 
mont station). 



Question 1: How many pounds of cottonseed meal, hulls and oil are ob- 
tained, on the average, from a ton of cottonseed in modern mills? 



Question 2: What are the relative values of cottonseed meal and In- 
dian corn for feeding farm animals? 



65 



Exercise 38. Coconut Meal 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XVIII) 
Origin 



(Reference, Pro- 



Guarantees: Per cent protein , . .Per cent fat Per cent fiber' (max)' 

Quality 



Flavor (pure, aromatic or rancid) 

Is it lumpy? 

Impurities , _ 

Value of feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Coconut Meal 



Dry matter . 



Protein . 



Average 
Composition 



Fat. 



Fiber . 



N-fiber extract. 
Ash 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



Carbohydrates 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter . 



Cost per ton p er lb . . . 

Cost per lb. of digestible nutrients . . . 

Weight of sacks i q Uar t 

General Remarks: 



66 



Exercise 39. Tankage 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given, 
ductive Feeding, Chapter XIX) 

Origin i 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent calcium phosphate . 

Purity 

Quality 

Value for feeding: 



(Reference, Pro- 



Dairy Cows 


• Beef Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 













Tankage 



Dry matter . 



Protein . 



Fat. 



Fiber. 



N-free extract. 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter'. 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Average 
Composition 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Cost per ton per lb 

Cost per lb. digestible nutrients per lb. digestible protein . 

General Remarks: 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



67 



Exercise 40a, Name of Feed. 



Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. (Mixed dairy, horse, 
or swine feeds, calf meals, miscellaneous feeds). 

Origin 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.) 

Purity 

Are whole weed seeds present? 

If so, identify the main kinds and determine number of noxious weeds in one pound. 



Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Dry matter . 



Protein . 



Fat. 



Fiber. 



N-f ree extract . 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Beef Cattle 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter. 



Horses 



Swine 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Average 
Composition 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. 

Cost per lb. of digestible matter 

General Remarks: 



Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 



Sheep 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



68 



Exercise 406. , Name of Feed 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. 



Origin : 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max. 



Purity 

Are whole weed seeds present? 

If so, identify the main kinds and determine number of noxious weeds in one pound . 



Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs . 

Cost per lb. of digestible matter 

General Remarks : 





Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Dry matter 




.... 






Protein 




Pat 




1 

Fiber 




N-free extract 




Ash 




Carbohydrates 




Carbohydrates and fat 

Total digestible matter 

• 


1: 



69 



Exercise 40c. Name of Feed 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. 

Origin • 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.). 



Purity 

Are whole weed seeds present? 

If so, identify the main kinds and determine number of noxious weeds in one pound 



Value for feeding : 



Dairy Cows 



Dry matter. 



Protein . 



Fat.. 
Fiber . 



N-free extract. 



Ash. 



Carbohydrates . 



Beef Cattle 



Carbohydrates and fat . 



Total digestible matter . 



Horses 



Swine 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 



Average 
Composition 



Digestion 
Coefficients 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. 

Cost per lb. of digestible matter 

General Remarks: 



• Per Cent 
Digestible 
Components 



Sheep 



Nutritive 
Ratio 



70 



Exercise 40d. Name of Feed 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. 

Origin 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.). 

Purity 



Are whole weed seeds present? 

If so, identify the main kinds and determine number of noxious weeds in one pound. 



Value for feeding : 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 





Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Dry matter 










Protein 




Fat 




Fiber 




N-free extract 




Ash 




Carbohydrates 




Carbohydrates and fat 

Total digestible matter 


1: 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. 

Cost per lb. of digestible matter 
General Remarks: 



71 



Exercise 40e. Name of Feed 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. 

Origin 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.). 



Purity 

Are whole weed seeds present? 

If so, identify the main kinds and determine number of noxious weeds in one pound . 



Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horses 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 





Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Dry matter 


.... 


.... 


.... 




Protein 




Fat 




Fiber 




N-free extract 




Ash 




Carbohydrates 




Carbohydrates and fat 

Total digestible matter. 


1: 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. 

Cost per lb. of digestible matter 

General Remarks: 



72 



Exercise 40/. Name of Feed 

Fill out the blank spaces below for the feed given. 



Origin 

Guarantees: Per cent protein Per cent fat Per cent fiber (max.) 

Purity 

Are whole weed seeds present? 

If so, identify the main kinds and determine number of noxious weeds in one pound . 

Value for feeding: 



Dairy Cows 



Beef Cattle 



Horsea 



Swine 



Sheep 



Chemical Composition, in Per Cent 






Average 
Composition 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


Dry matter 










Protein 






• 




Fat 




Fiber...- 








Ash 




.... 


.... 




Carbohydrates 










Carbohydrates and fat 








1: 


Total digestible matter 








.... 



Cost per ton per 100 lbs. 

Cost per lb. of digestible matter 

General Remarks: 



73 



Exercise 41. Condimental Stock Feeds 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XX) 

Secure a few samples of condimental stock feeds and try to identify some 
of their ingredients. 

1. What kind of a filler do they contain? Estimate the proportion of 
stock feed made up by the filler. 



2. Are charcoal, salt, sulphur, or any special drug or drugs to be dis- 
tinguished? 



3. Compare the cost of a pound of stock feed with the approximate cost 
of the filler and other ingredients thereof, in so far as these have been identified. 



74 



Exercise 42. The Feed-Unit System 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter IX) 

1. A cow freshened December 12, 1913, and was milked until February 4, 
1915. During this time she produced 18459.2 pounds milk containing 667.79 
pounds butter fat, and consumed the following amounts of feed : 

5,385 pounds alfalfa hay. 

4,423 pounds corn silage. 

640 pounds mangels. 

7,111 pounds green alfalfa. 

1,760 pounds green barley. 

386 pounds green corn. 

1554.3 pounds wheat bran. 
1169.9 pounds rolled barley. 

927.8 pounds rolled oats. 

363.9 pounds linseed meal. 
455.7 pounds coconut meal. 

1420.4 pounds dried beet pulp. 

Her average weight during this time was 1400 pounds. 

2. Another cow in the same herd freshened February 6, 1914, and milked 
until January 21, 1915. During this time she produced 6058.9 pounds milk 
containing 213.55 pounds butter fat; her feed consumption was as follows: 

5091 pounds alfalfa hay. 
2228 pounds corn silage. 
9495 pounds green alfalfa. 
1369 pounds green barley. 

571 pounds bran. 

595 pounds rolled barley. 

373 pounds rolled oats. 

142 pounds linseed meal. 

222 pounds coconut oil meal 

153 pounds dried beet pulp. 
Her average weight was 1450 pounds during this time. 



75 



Exercise 42 (Continued) 



Figure out for each cow : 



1. Cost of a gallon of milkl 

|at current feed prices 

2. Cost of a pound of fat J 

3. Number of feed units eaten by each cow 

4. Number of feed units per gallon of milk . . 

5. Number of feed units per pound of fat 

6. Number of feed units required for each cow, according to the 

feed-unit standard 




2nd cow 



76 



Exercise 43. Comparisons of Relative Economy of Feeding Stuffs 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter X) 

Problem 1: Which is the more economical brand of linseed meal to buy 
one guaranteed to contain 32.5 per cent protein and 8 per cent fat, costing 
$36.50; or one containing 35 per cent protein, 6 per cent fat, costing $40 per 
ton? 



Problem 2: Which is the more economical brand of wheat bran to buy, 
one guaranteed to contain 16.5 per cent protein and 4.5 per cent fat, cost- 
ing $26 a ton, or one containing 13 per cent protein, 4 per cent fat, costing 
$23 a ton. 



77 



Exercise 43 (Continued) 

Problem 3: Which is the cheaper feed : 

(a) Wheat at 80c a bushel or wheat bran at $24 a ton? 

(b) Shelled corn at 60c a ton or hominy feed at $28 a ton? 

(c) Sugar beets at $5 a ton or dried beet pulp at $25 a ton? 

(d) Clover hay at $15 a ton, timothy hay at $14 a ton, or 
alfalfa hay at $18 a ton? 



Problem 1$: Cane molasses can be bought at 15c a gallon (12 pounds) 
and Indian corn at 60c a bushel (grinding 5c per cwt.) ; how much digestible 
matter is furnished for a dollar in either case? 



Exercise 44. Comparative Manurial Values of Feeds 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XI, and Appendix Table V) 
1. If a protein feed is needed to balance a ration, which one of the fol- 
lowing feeds would be preferable, considering also manurial values: Wheat 
bran at $24.50 a ton, dried distillers' grains at $29.75, cottonseed meal at 
$35, linseed meal at $33, and tankage (60 per cent) at $50? 
Arrange the feeds in order of 

(a) Decreasing manurial values, 

(b) Cost of digestible protein, 

(c) Cost of total digestible matter. 



Giving equal weight to (a) and (c), which would be the order of preference 
(1) when dairy cows are fed, and (2) when pigs are fed? 



79 



Exercise 44 (Continued) 

2. Calculate the manurial value in a ton each of the following feeds: 
wheat, wheat middlings, buckwheat middlings, cottonseed hulls, and red dog flour 
at the following prices : Nitrogen 20c a pound, phosphoric acid and potash 
each 5c a pound. 



3. Is it advisable from the view-point of soil fertility to feed Indian corn 
worth 90c a bushel, when gluten feed can be bought at $25 a ton? 



80 



Exercise 45. A Study of Farm Fertility 

1. What are the fertilizing ingredients in the manure worth, from a herd 
of milch cows fed the following amounts of feed during a certain period : 

540 lbs. oats 
620 lbs. Indian corn 
210 lbs. linseed meal (O. P.) 
4040 lbs. corn silage 
2320 lbs. red clover hay, 
the cost of the fertilizer elements being : nitrogen 18 c per pound, phosphoric 
acid 43^c, potash 53^c 



2. (a) How much fertility would be sold if these feeds (except linseed 
meal) were sold off the farm; (b) how much when the milk which was pro- 
duced (13/2 tons) was sold for direct consumption, and (c) how much, if only 
the butter made from this milk (testing 3.9 per cent) was sold, the skim milk 
and butter milk being fed on the farm? 

(a) ' . 

(b) 

(c) 



81 



B. RATIONS FOR FARM ANIMALS. 

Exercise 46. Problems in Calf Raising 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XXI) 

1. Make the best estimate you can of the amounts and cost of the feed 
consumed by a calf as raised by good dairymen in your section: (a) up 
to weaning; (b) to the end of the first year; (c) by a heifer during her first 
two years. 



82 



Exercise 46 (Continued) 

2. Calculate the feed cost for raising a calf to weaning, at. current market 
prices, according to the following methods: (a) leaving it with the dam; (b) 
feeding whole milk for 4 weeks, then gradually substituting skim milk and 
feeding hay and a grain mixture composed of oats, Indian corn (or milo maize), 
wheat middlings and linseed meal, two parts bf the first three, and one part of 
linseed meal; (c) feeding whole milk for 2 weeks only and then as given under b. 



83 



Exercise 47. The Wolff-Lehmann Standard for Dairy Cows 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapters VIII and XXII) 
What are the digestible nutrients and the nutritive ratios of the three 
rations given below: 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 






Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 

and Fat, 

Pounds 


N. R. 


(a). 

30 lbs. alfalfa hay 








1: 


(b) 

20 lbs. alfalfa hay 




30 lbs. corn silage 




(c) 

15 lbs. alfalfa hay 


1: 


25 lbs. corn silage 




5 lbs. barley 






1: 



84 



Exercise 47 (Continued). 

Give the amounts of dry matter and digestible nutrients that a cow 
weighing 1000 pounds and producing about 22 pounds of milk should receive 
in her daily ration, according to the Wolff-Lehmann Standard. Discuss in. 
how far these requirements are met by the preceding three rations. 

The Wolff-Lehmann Standard 



1000 lb. milch cow producing 22 lbs 
milk daily 



Dry Matter, 
Pounds 



Digestible 



Protein, 
Pounds 



Carbohydrates 

and Fat, 

Pounds 



Differences between standard and components in preceding rations: 

(a) J 

(b) ! 

(c) 



N. R. 



85 



Exercise 48. The Armsby Standard for Dairy Cows 

(Same reference as for preceding Exercise) 

What are the contents of digestible true protein and energy in the three 
rations given in the preceding exercise? (Use figures in Table III, Productive 
Feeding.) 





Digestible Protein, Pounds 


Energy Values, Therms 


(a) 

30 lbs. alfalfa hay 






(b) 

20 lbs. alfalfa hay 








(c) 

15 lbs. alfalfa hay 






25 lbs. corn silage 


• 


5 lbs. barley 








1 



86 



Exercise 48 (Continued) 

Give amounts of digestible protein and energy called for by the Armsby 
Standard for dairy cows under similar conditions as suggested in Exercise 47. 

Discuss in how far these requirements are met by the preceding three 
rations. 

The Armsby Standard 



Energy Values, Therms 



1000 lbs. milch cow 
maintenance . , 



22 lbs. milk 

Total 

Differences between standard and components in preceding three rations. 

(a) 

(b) 

(c) 




87 



Exercise 49. The Haecker Standard for Dairy Cows 



(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XXII) 

A 1200-pound cow producing 28 pounds of 4 per cent milk daily, receives 
the following daily ration: 

20 pounds mixed clover and timothy hay, 34 pounds corn silage, 8 pounds 
of a mixture of corn meal, oats, dried distillers' grains (equal parts by weight) 
and one part each of linseed meal and gluten feed. How much total dry matter 
and digestible matter does the ration supply, and how does it compare with 
the Haecker Standard for dairy cows? 

Suggest a modification that may seem desirable and show how it will affect 
the content of nutrients in the ration. 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 




• 


Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 

and Fat, 

Pounds 


N. R. 


20 lbs. mixed clover and timothy . . . 










34 lbs. corn silage 






























distillers' grains 










linseed meal 










gluten feed 




Total 








1- 


The Haecker Standard 




28 lbs. milk, 4 per cent 










Maintenance, 1200 lb. cow 










Difference 




* 




1- 







88 



Exercise 50. A Study of Rations for Dairy Cows 

A herd of milch cows, weighing on the average about 1100 pounds, are 
each fed 10 pounds corn stover, 24 pounds corn silage, and 4 pounds corn meal 
per head daily, yielding on this feed with blue-grass pasture in summer, an 
average of 175 pounds of butter fat for the year. Suggest a change in the 
system of feeding which will bring the ration closer to the standard and 
increase the production of the cows. Calculate the cost per 100 pounds of 
milk and one pound butter fat, assuming that the herd milk tested 4.2 per cent 
for fat. 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 






Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 

and Fat, 

Pounds 


N. R. 


10 lbs. corn stover 










24 lbs. corn silage 




4 lbs corn meal. 




The Wolff-Lehmann Standard (es- 
timated daily production, lbs. 

milk) 








1: 
1: 


Ration as given above 




Suggested (feed added,) lbs. 










1: 



Discuss variation from standard, and suggest further improvement in 
the composition of the ration. 



89 



Exercise 51. Formulating Rations for Dairy Cows 1 

1. Make up a ration from the following feeds for a dairy cow weighing 
1150 pounds and yielding 25.4 pounds milk a day: 

Corn silage, mixed clover and timothy hay, gluten feed and wheat bran. 

Compare with feeding standards and calculate cost per day at current 
market prices and feed cost per 100 pounds of milk and per pound of butter fat, 
assuming the fat content of the milk to be 3. 8 per cent. 



2. Make up a ration from the following feeds for a dairy cow weighing 
925 pounds and yielding 16.3 pounds milk (4.9 per cent fat) : 

Clover hay (limited supply), corn silage, corn meal, wheat middlings and 
linseed meal (O. P.). Calculate cost of ration and average cost of milk and 
butter fat as under No. 1. 



1 Study carefully points to be considered in formulating rations, in Productive Feeding, 
close of Chapter VIII, before writing this and similar exercises given in the Manual. In 
this and the following ration exercises draw forms similar to that used in Exercise 50, 

90 



Exercise 51 (Continued) 

3. If mixed hay, corn stalks, ground oats and corn meal are available 
and represent the cheapest feeds on the market, what proportion of each had 
better be fed to a dairy herd; suggest an improvement in the ration by pur- 
chasing a small amount of some feed that will tend to balance the ration at a 
minimum cost, according to local market prices. 



91 



Exercise 52. Formulating Rations for Dairy Cows 

1. Formulate a ration for the dairy herd made up of home-grown feeds 
only. Show how it may be modified by the purchase of a commercial feeding 
stuff; (a) with regard to nutritive effect only, (b) with regard to both cost 
and nutritive effect. 



2. Five tons of alfalfa hay and 4 tons beets (mangels) make a sufficient 
amount of feed for a cow producing 300 pounds of butter fat in a year. Cal- 
culate the average daily ration, and compare with the Wolff-Lehmann and 
Armsby standards. Suggest a modification of the ration that you may con- 
sider will tend to increase its efficiency. 



92 



Exercise 53. Formulating Rations for Dairy Cows 

1. What improvement can you suggest in a ration for a dairy cow that 
is receiving alfalfa hay and wheat bran only? How much of these two feeds 
should a 1200-pound cow receive when yielding 23 pounds of milk (3. 8 per cent 

fat)? 



2. Make up a balanced ration for a dairy cow (weight 1150 pounds, pro- 
ducing 36.5 pounds of 3.5 per cent milk), from the following feeds: 

(a) Clover hay and corn-and-cob meal. 

(b) Corn fodder, corn meal, wheat bran and cottonseed meal. 

(c) Pea-vine hay, cottonseed meal, cottonseed hulls. 

(d) Alfalfa hay, corn silage, milo, barley 



93 



Exercise 54. Formulating Rations for Dairy 1 Cows 

Formulate a balanced ration for a 1000-pound milch cow from the two 
feeds, oat straw and linseed meal, according to the Wolff-Lehmann Standard. 
Will this make an effective practical ration? — if not, give reasons why. Intro- 
duce one or two other feeds that will make up a desirable ration to feed good 
dairy cows. 



94 



Exercise 54 (Continued) 

2. The following grain mixture is fed in a dairy herd : 200 pounds corn- 
and-cob meal, 100 pounds each of wheat bran and ground oats, and 50 pounds 
linseed meal. 

Calculate the digestible components, nutritive ratio and weight per quart 
of this mixture. 

How many pounds should be fed with a good quality of mixed hay, when 
fed to cows producing 25 pounds of 3.6 per cent milk? 

How much mixed hay, and how much hay and corn silage, should the cows 
receive with the grain mixture to make a balanced ration? What modifica- 
tion in the grain mixture would you recommend, if clover hay were the only 
available roughage? 



95 



Exercise 55. Formulating Rations for Dairy Cows 

1. A cow consumed the following amounts of feed during one year: 1000 
pounds of mixed hay, 100 pounds alfalfa hay, 6000 pounds corn silage, 600 
pounds of soiling crops (green sorghum), 600 pounds each of wheat bran and 
corn meal, 80 pounds of linseed meal, and 365 pounds distillers' grains. She 
was on limited pasture 150 days. Her production for the year was 7 180 pounds 
milk and 306 pounds butter fat ; average body weight 1040 pounds. 

Calculate total feed units eaten, estimating one pasture day equal to 8 
feed units; also average feed units per day, feed units per 100 pounds milk 
and per pound butter fat. 

Calculate cost of ration at average local feed prices; also feed cost per 
100 pounds milk and per pound butter fat. 



96 



Exercise 55 (Continued) 

2. A dairy herd producing, on the average, 6800 pounds of 4 per cent milk 
per head annually, receives the following feed during the year: mixed clover 
and timothy hay, Indian corn silage, corn stover, ground corn and oats, malt 
sprouts and linseed meal, in amounts that enable the cows to maintain a high 
production and keep in good body condition. Formulate a ration that will 
bring this about at a minimum feed cost, figuring the feeds at ordinary market 
prices, and including 150 pasture days, for which a charge of $1.50 a month 
is made. Calculate the feed cost per quart of milk and per pound of butter 
fat, under the system of feeding recommended. 



97 



Exercise 56. Criticisms of Rations for Dairy Cows 

1. What criticisms do you have to offer of the following rations for dairy- 
cows: 

(a) Corn silage 30 pounds, gluten meal 4 pounds, Indian corn 3 pounds. 

(b) Wheat hay 20 pounds, flour middlings 5 pounds, wheat bran 3 pounds. 
' (c) Oat hay 20 pounds, oat shorts 8 pounds. 

Calculate nutrients in these rations, and, if possible, look up Wisconsin 
Station Research Bulletin 17, and discuss the problem presented by them. 



98 



Exercise 56 (Continued) 

2. Compare the following two rations for dairy cows as to digestible 
nutrients and feed cost, assuming that they have proved equally effective 
for milk production, producing 32 pounds of 4.5 per cent milk: 

(a) Fifteen pounds alfalfa hay, 5 pounds corn stalks, 40 pounds mangels, 
4 pounds corn meal, 3 pounds ground oats. 

(b) Fifteen pounds alfalfa hay, 20 pounds silags, 3 pounds hominy feed, 
one pound each of linseed meal and dried distillers' grains. 

What was the average feed cost per 100 pounds of milk and per pound of 
butter fat in either case at current feed prices? 



99 



Exercise 57. Rations for Dairy Cows on Official Tests 

1. The following daily ration is fed a high-producing cow weighing 1500 
pounds: 40 pounds corn silage, 35 pounds alfalfa hay, 8 pounds barley, 7 
pounds dried beet pulp, 4 pounds wheat bran. 

Calculate the digestible nutrients in the ration and compare with stand- 
ards. How much butter fat should a cow produce to be entitled to such a 
ration? 



2. Make calculations as in the preceding ration with the following 
ration: 30 pounds Indian corn silage (from well-eared, nearly mature corn), 
10 pounds clover hay, 35 pounds sugar beets, 21 pounds of a grain mixture 
consisting of bran, ground oats, gluten feed, equal parts by weight, and 3 
pounds linseed meal. 



100 



Exercise 58. Relative Economy of Dairy Feeds 
(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter X) 

1. Compare alfalfa hay and wheat bran as components of rations for dairy 
cows or beef cattle and give relative feeding value as indicated by (a) total 
digestible components, (b) energy values, (c) feed-unit system, and (d) results 
of actual comparative trials. At ordinary market prices, which one is the 
more economical of the two feeds? 



101 



Exercise 58 (Continued) 

2. Calculate the relative economy of the following feeds at the market 
prices given, according to contents of total digestible matter, energy values 
and feed-unit system, viz.: 

(a) Alfalfa hay at $18 a ton, com meal at $32 a ton, barley at $28, 
wheat bran at $24. Give order of preference for the purpose of making up 
rations for dairy cows. 

(b) Corn silage at $3.50 a ton, alfalfa hay at $15 a ton, timothy hay 
at $18, and sugar beets at $6 a ton. 

(c) Barley at $25 a ton, Indian corn at $32, wheat bran at $24, 
wheat middlings at $25.50, linseed meal at $38, and cottonseed meal at $36 
a ton. 



102 



Exercise 59. Relative Economy of Dairy Feeds 

1. Compare the average yield of green feed, of total dry matter and of 
digestible nutrients obtained during the season in your state from an acre 
of (a) Indian corn, (b) alfalfa, (c) timothy hay and (d) mangels. Make the 
best estimate of the cost of production per acre and per ton of these crops 
that you can, and place the crops in their proper order of preference, according 
to your results, as to economy of production per ton of gross yields, total dry 
matter, and digestible nutrients. 



103 



Exercise 59 (Continued) 

2. Which are the most economical feeds for supplementing alfalfa for 
dairy cows: Indian corn at $1.80 per 100 pounds, barley $1.25, wheat bran 
$1.20, wheat middlings $1.35 and corn silage at $2.50 per ton? Give order 
of preference according to (a) content of total digestible matter, (b) energy 
values, and (c) feed units. 

Give a practical ration selected from the preceding feeds for a 1200-lb. 
cow yielding 22 lbs. of 4 per cent milk, according to Wolff-Lehmann, Armsby, 
and the feed-unit system. 



104 



Exercise 60. A Study of Dairy Herd Management 

1. A dairy herd consists of twelve milch cows, three of which are heifers 
with first calves. The daily production of the herd is as follows, that of the 
cows being given first, and that of the heifers last: 



No 


Milk per Day, Pounds 


Per cent of Butter Fat 


In Milk, Months 


1 


24.0 


3.9 


2 


2 


15.3 


4.7 . 


5 


3 


32.5 


3.5 


1 


4 


12.2 


4.5 


7 


5 


18.7 


3.7 


6 


6 


10.3 


3.2 


4 


7 


25.0 


3.6 


2 


8 


8.6 


4.1 


8 


9 


14.2 


3.8 


3 


10 


5.7 


4.6 


6 


11 


12.3 


4.5 


5 


12 


7.6 


3.3 


9 



Should any of these cows or heifers be disposed of as unprofitable? 
Place them in order of decreasing daily production of butter fat. 



105 



Exercise 60 (Continued) 

2. Give a good method of feeding cows to be disposed of; also state the 
kinds and amounts of grain feed to be fed the individual cows when — (a) 
alfalfa, clover or cowpea hay is fed; (b) corn silage and corn stover are fed. 



106 



Exercise 61. Feeding Different-sized Dairy Herds 

Outline a practical system of feeding: 

(a) A single-cow dairy. 

(b) A 25-cow dairy in your own locality. 

Give total amounts of feed and cost at prevailing market prices in both 
cases, and calculate the returns from the dairies on basis of an average pro- 
duction of, respectively, 1.5 pounds and 0.7 pound of butter fat, valued at 
30c a pound.- 



107 



Exercise 62. Soiling Crops for Dairy Cows 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XII) 

1. Suggest a succession of soiling crops adapted to conditions in your 
state, for a herd of 25 milch cows producing, on the average, a pound of butter 
fat a day, green feed to be provided from May 1 to October 15, in amounts 
of 30 to 60 pounds per head daily, according to the crops used. Estimate 
the yields and acreage of the different crops, and the dates between which 
they may be cut for green feed. 

Calculate the amounts of hay (a small feed daily) and the kinds and 
amounts of concentrates to be fed in addition to the soiling crops during the 
period given. 



108 



Exercise 62 (Continued) 

2. Calculate the approximate cost of growing, harvesting, and feeding 
the soiling crops given in (1) and, for the sake of comparison, estimate the 
amounts and cost of the corn silage that would be required to furnish equiva- 
lent amounts of feed materials for the period given, as in case of the green feed. 



109 



Exercise 63. Value of Alfalfa Pasture 
1. What is the carrying-capacity of a good 3-year-old alfalfa pasture for 

Pasture with light 
Alfalfa Alone Grain Feed. 

(a) dairy cows 

(b) fattening steers 

(c) sheep 

(d) 3-months-old pigs 

2 How much alfalfa pasturage will be required to carry a herd of 32 
dairy cows, yielding on the average 23.5 pounds of 4 per cent milk, from May 
15 to October 1? The herd will receive, in addition to pasture, a light feed 
of hay from mixed grasses and an amount of grain feed equivalent to 7 times 
the yield of butter fat. 



110 



Exercise 63 (Continued) 

3. Calculate the pounds of feed units consumed daily by the cows on this 
feed, estimating a pasture day at 12 feed units. Also the cost of the feed 
eaten, according to current market prices and with pasture at $1.50 a month 
per head, butter fat being worth 32c a pound and skin milk 25 cents a hundred. 

4. Calculate the returns obtained from an acre of alfalfa by the system 
of feeding outlined. 



Ill 



Exercise 64. Comparison of Feeds for Fattening Steers 
(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter X) 

What is the relative value of the following feeds for fattening steers, at 
the prices given, according to their contents of digestible nutrients and their 
energy and feed unit values: 

Clover hay $12 a ton, corn stalks $4 a ton, alfalfa hay $15, shelled corn 
50 cents a bushel, oats 50 cents a bushel, and wheat bran $25 a ton. 

Comparison of Cost of Feeds 





Cost per 
100 lbs. 


Digestible Matter 


Energy Values 


Feed Units 




' Total Per lb. 


Therms 


Per Therm 


Total 


Per Unit 


1 . Clover hay 
















2. Corn stalks v 
















3. Alfalfa hay 
















4. Shelled corn .... 
















5. Oats 
















6. Wheat bran .... 





Order of preference- 
According to digestible matter: Nos 



According to energy values: Nos. 



According to feed units: Nos. 



112 



Exercise 65. Rations for Fattening Steers 

Change each of the following three maintenance rations into a productive 
ration by the addition of one or more common concentrates: 

1. Corn stalks 10 pounds, clover hay 5 pounds. 

2. Clover hay 10 pounds, corn silage 15 pounds. 

3. Alfalfa hay 8 pounds, corn stalks 6 pounds. 

Reduce the roughage if need be, in order to make an effective ration. 





Digestible 
Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 






Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 

and Fat, 

Pounds 


N. R. 


• 

1. 

10 lbs. corn stalks 










5 lbs. clover hay 




lbs. 




2. 

10 lbs. clover hay '. 










15 lbs. corn silage 

lbs. 




3. 

8 lbs. alfalfa hay 










6 lbs. corn stalks 




lbs. 





113 



Exercise 66. A Study of Rations for Fattening Steers 



(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XXIII) 

Calculate the nutrients and nutritive ratios in the two following rations 
for fattening steers. Which ration would be likely to produce the largest gains 
and which the cheapest gains at current prices for feeds? 

1. 15 pounds shelled corn, 3 pounds linseed meal, 17 pounds corn silage, 
and 2 pounds alfalfa hay. 

2. 5 pounds linseed meal, 38 pounds corn silage, and 4 pounds alfalfa hay. 

Components of Rations 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 






Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 

and Fat, 

Pounds 


N. R. 


15 lbs shelled corn 














17 lbs corn silage 




2 lbs. alfalfa hay 




5 lbs linseed meal 










38 lbs corn silage 




4 lbs. alfalfa hay 




Wolff-Lehmann Standard for 1000 








> 







114 



Exercise 67. Problems in Steer Feeding 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XXIII) 

1. A bunch of 25 steers averaging 850 pounds are bought at 7 cents a 
pound, and fed a ration composed of the following feeds for a period of 120 
days : Corn silage, corn stover, ear corn, wheat bran, distillers' grains, linseed 
meal. In what proportions and amounts should these feeds be fed in order to 
have the steers gain 2 pounds a day or better? 

At what price must they be sold to enable the owner to make 10 per cent 
on his investment, allowing a 3 per cent shrinkage? 



115 



Exercise 67 (Continued) 

2. With feeders selling at 7 cents a pound, alfalfa at $12 a ton, corn at 
75 cents a bushel, barley at 60 cents a bushel, oat straw at $6 a ton, and corn 
silage worth $3 a ton, how much must fattening steers bring after a feeding 
period of 90 days, in order to return a fair profit to the owner? 



116 



Exercise 68. A Study of Rations for Horses 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XXIV) 

What are the amounts of dry matter and digestible nutrients in the fol- 
lowing rations, and how do these compare with the Wolff -Lehmann Standard 
for horses of 1200 pounds weight, doing medium work? 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 






Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 

and Fat, 

Pounds 


N. R. 


(a) 

10 lbs. alfalfa hay 










12 lbs. barley 


• 


(b) 

10 lbs. alfalfa hay 








1: 


10 lbs. Indian corn 




(c) 

14 lbs. timothy hay 








1: 


12 lbs. oats 




Wolff -Lehmann Standard 








1: 


Difference 




(a) 




(b) 




(c) 









117 



Exercise 69. A Study of Rations for Horses 

1. Compare the following rations for a 1000-pound horse or mule doing 
heavy work, with the Wolff -Lehmann and the feed-unit standards: 

(a) Twelve pounds pea-vine hay, 6 pounds blackstrap (cane) molasses, 
8 pounds corn-and-cob meal, 2 pounds cottonseed meal. 

(b) Ten pounds corn fodder, 5 pounds pea-vine hay, 10 pounds Indian 
corn, 1H pounds cottonseed meal. 



118 



Exekcise 69 (Continued) 

2. Calculate the nutrients in the following rations for farm horses of 
about 1200 pounds weight, doing moderate work, and discuss the rations with 
special reference to their nutritive ratios: 

(a) Eighteen pounds alfalfa hay, 5 pounds oats, 5 pounds barley, 2 
pounds distillers' grains. 

(b) Fifteen pounds mixed clover and timothy hay, 10 pounds corn-and- 
cob meal, 5 pounds oats. 

(c) Fifteen pounds timothy hay, 5 pounds corn stover, 3 pounds each 
of oats and dried brewers' grains, 6 pounds wheat bran. 

Suggest changes that will make them more effective without increasing 
the cost appreciably at local feed prices. 



119 



Exercise 70. A Study of Rations for Horses 

1. Formulate a balanced ration for a 1200-pound horse doing medium 
work from the following feeds: Timothy hay, oats, dried brewers' grains, 
and coconut meal. 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 




K 


Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 
and Fat, 
Pounds 


N. R. 


. . . lbs. timothy hay 










.... lbs. oats 




.... lbs. dried brewers' grains 

lbs coconut meal 












1: 



2. The following concentrates are fed to heavy-worked horses, weighing 
1500 pounds: Oats 8 pounds, shelled corn 5 pounds, wheat ibran 2 pounds 
per head daily. How many pounds of timothy hay are required to balance 
the ration according to the Kellner-Armsby Standard? 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 






Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 
and Fat, 
Pounds 


N. R. 


8 lbs. oats : 










o" lbs. corn 




2 lbs. wheat bran 




.... lbs. timothy hay 




Kellner-Armsby Standard 








1: 


Difference 









120 



Exercise 71. A Study of Rations for Horses 

Calculate the nutrients in the following rations for heavy- worked horses. 
Suggest an improvement in each ration by changes in the amounts of 
the feeds or addition of some other standard horse feed. 

1. 10 pounds alfalfa hay, 15 pounds Indian corn. 

2. 20 pounds timothy hay, 15 pounds oats. 

3. 15 pounds alfalfa hay, 11 pounds oats, 2 pounds cottonseed meal. 



121 



Exercise 71 (Continued) 

4. 9 pounds alfalfa hay, 15 pounds oats. 

5. 8 pounds timothy hay, 7 pounds alfalfa hay, 15 pounds oats. 

6. 15 pounds timothy hay, 10 pounds molasses, 5 pounds corn. 



122 



Exercise 72. Rations for Colts, Mares and Work Horses 

Select from the common feeds in your locality, a good ration for: (a) 
horses doing heavy work, (b) idle horses, (c) brood mares, (d) growing colts, 
and (e) horses to be fattened. 

Compare the rations with the Wolff-Lehmann and the Kellner-Armsby 
standards. 

(a) 



(b) 



(c) 



(d) 



(e) 



123 



Exercise 72 (Continued) 

Question 1. How does the character of the feed affect the amount of 
water drunk by the horses? 

Question 2. Is corn silage a good feed for horses; if so, under what pre- 
cautions and in what amounts should it be fed? 



124 



Exercise 73. A Problem in Horse Raising 

Make a careful calculation of the amounts and cost of the grain and hay 
eaten by growing colts, and the length of the pasture period up to the end of 
(a) the first year, and (b) the second year. 



125 



Exercise 74. Rations for Fattening Pigs 

1. A bunch of pigs 4 months old are fed the following ration: 3 pounds 
corn meal, 1 pound wheat middlings, 10 pounds skim milk. 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 






Protein 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 

and Fat, 

Pounds 


N. R. 


3 lbs corn meal 










1 lb. middlings 

10 lbs. skim milk 




Total 










Standard 









Is it a balanced ration? If not, what changes would you suggest? 



2. Two-months old pigs are fed a slop of water and 6 parts corn meal, 
3 parts middlings, and 1 part tankage. How does this ration compare in 
nutritive effect and cost with one composed of 1 part corn meal to 3 of skim 
milk at ordinary current market prices for feeds? 



126 



Exercise 75. Rations for Fattening Pigs 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XXV) 

1. Describe the method of raising pigs on your farm or on some farm 
with which you are acquainted, with special reference to the system of feeding 
practiced. If unable to do so, describe the method adopted by the Hog 
Department at your college or school. 



2. Give ratio of skim milk to grain that will give the best results in pig 
feeding. What proportion is fed in case skim milk is scarce, and what propor- 
tion when an abundant supply is available? What can one afford to pay for 
skin milk when corn (grain) is worth $32 a ton? 



127 



Exercise 76. Feeding Market Pigs 1 

The following rations are fed to fattening pigs : (a) 3 to 6 months old : 
120 pounds corn meal, 25 pounds red dog flour, 10 pounds digester tankage; 
(b) 6 months to 1 year old : 100 pounds ear corn, 5 pounds digester tankage. 

What is the nutritive ratio of these mixtures and how much are the pigs 
likely to clean up? 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 






Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 

and Fat, 

Pounds 


N. R. 


(a) 

120 lbs. corn meal 










25 lbs. red dog flour 




10 lbs. tankage 




Total 

(b) 

100 lbs. ear corn 








1: 


5 lbs. tankage 




Total 












1: 



1 New Jersey Report 34. 

128 



Exercise 77. A Ration for Brood Sows with Litters 1 

How much dry matter and total digestible nutrients does the following 
ration for brood sows with litters contain? How is it preferably fed and in 
about what amounts daily, per sow: 100 pounds corn meal (or its equivalent 
in ears), 10 pounds digester tankage, 15 pounds wheat bran, 5 pounds linseed 
meal, 2 pounds steamed bone meal. 



New Jersey Report 34. 

129 



Exercise 78. A Problem in Pig Feeding 

Describe a practical system of feeding a bunch of 50 2-months-old pigs 
through the summer and fall, on alfalfa pasture with concentrates, until they 
have reached a weight of 180 to 200 pounds. 

How large a pasture will it take and what are the amounts and cost of 
concentrates required to get the pigs ready for market at 8 months old? 

At ordinary market prices for concentrates, and with pork at 7 cents, what 
returns are obtained per acre of alfalfa by feeding the pigs in the manner 
suggested? 



130 



Exercise 79. A Study op Rations for Growing Sheep 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XXVI) 

Which of the following rations comes closest to the Armsby Standard for 
9-months old sheep: 

1. Three lbs. alfalfa hay, ^ pound Indian corn. 

2. Two lbs. clover hay, x /i pound wheat bran, and Y2 pound Indian 
corn. 

3. One and one half pounds shredded corn stover, 1 pound gluten 
feed, 34 pound Indian corn. 

What is the relation between the cost of the rations, at ordinary market 
prices, and the nutritive effects they are likely to have, fudging by closeness 
to the feeding standard? 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 
Protein, 
Pounds 


Energy 
Values, 
Therms 


1. 3 lbs. alfalfa hay 








% lb. Indian corn 




2. 2 lbs. clover hay 








J^ lb. wheat bran 








3. \% lbs. corn stover 








1 lb. gluten feed 








The Armsby Standard. 













131 



Exercise 80. Rations for Fattening Lambs 

Are any changes desirable in the following rations for 70-pound fattening 
lambs in order to bring them closer to the Wolff-Lehmann Standard? 

1. One and one-half pounds clover hay, Yi pound Indian corn, 34 pound 
dried beet pulp, and 34 pound linseed meal . 

2. One pound mixed hay, Y 2 pound corn stover, y 2 pound oats, and y 2 
pound wheat bran. 





Dry Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 






Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrates 
and Fat, 
Pounds 


N. R. 


1 1 i/o lbs clover hav 














}A lb dried beet pulp 








2 1 lb. mixed hay 








1: 


J^ lb. corn stover 




3^ lb. oats 




% lb- wheat bran 




Wolff-Lehmann Standard 








1: 



132 



Exercise 81. A Study of Poultry Feeds 1 
(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XXVII) 

Examine each sample of feed carefully and fill out the outline below. 

Examination of Poultry Feeds 



Sample 
No. 


Name 


Grain or 
Mill Feed 


Color 


Smell 


Taste 


Size and Shape 
if a Grain, 
Coarseness 

if a Mill Feed 


1 














2 














3 














4 














5 














6 
















Sample 
No. 


Quality 


Per cent Fiber, 

Low, Medium, 

High 


Per cent 

Digestible 

Protein 


Per cent 

Digestible 

Carbohydrates 

and Fat 


N. R. 


Price Per lb. 


1 














2 














3 














4 














5 






, 








6 















1 Exercises 81-82, contributed by Prof. J. E. Dougherty, Univ. of California. 

133 



Exercise 82. A Study of Poultry Rations 

(Reference, Productive Feeding, Chapter XXVII) 

1. Weigh out the feeds in the mixtures given below, mix them thoroughly 
and observe the following points: (a) bulk, (b) coarseness, (c) fiber content, 
(d) palatability, and (e) if ground feed, mix with water and note crumbliness 
or stickiness. Determine nutritive ratio of each and cost per pound. 

Grain Mash 

15 lbs. wheat. 5 lbs. each of wheat bran, shorts or brown 

15 lbs. barley, whole or rolled. middlings, ground barley or oats. 

5 lbs. corn, whole Egyptian or cracked 2 lbs. soybean meal or Unseed meal. 
Indian corn. 3 lbs. meat scraps. 

J^ lb. fine charcoal. 
fs lb. salt (1 lb. in 200 lbs. mash). 



134 



Exercise 82 (Continaed) 

1. The mash ration may be altered by reducing the amount of soybean 
meal or linseed meal one-half and adding a pound of alfalfa meal, or the alfalfa 
meal could be substituted for the ground barley. What would be the ratio 
and cost with this change? 

2. In case wheat becomes too expensive to be fed economically, it might 
be reduced in the above ration by using equal parts by weight of wheat, 
Indian corn, barley and Egyptian corn (or milo). 

3. A still further reduction in wheat used would be secured by mixing 
equal parts of wheat, Indian corn, Egyptian corn or milo, barley and oats. 

4. If it were necessary to entirely eliminate wheat, a mixture of equal 
parts of Indian corn, oats and Egyptian corn or milo might be fed in the morn- 
ing with a feed of soaked barley (soaked for 24 hours) at night. A number 
of combinations quite similar in character could be used in periods of high 
prices. 

What would be the nutritive ratio and cost of each in 2, 3, and 4? 
Note the difference in cost from the original mixture? 



135 



Digestion Coefficients of Common Feeding Stuffs, in Per Cent 
(Various authorities) 



Feeding Stuffs 



Green alfalfa 

Timothy hay 

Meadow hay 

Alfalfa hay 

Red clover hay 

Indian corn fodder (cured) 

Corn stalks 

Oat straw 

Corn silage 

Mangels 

Sugar beets 

Corn meal ; 

Corn-and-cob meal 

Oats 

Barley 

Milo maize. 

Buckwheat feed x 

Grain screenings 

Wheat bran 

Wheat middlings, flour 

Wheat middlings, standard (shorts) 

Red dog flour 

Pea meal 

Gluten feed 

Brewers' grains, dried 

Distillers' grains, dried 

Linseed meal (O. P.) 

Cottonseed meal 

Cottonseed hulls 

Coconut meal 

Beet pulp, plain dried 

Beet pulp, molasses 

Cane molasses (blackstrap) 

Skim milk 

Tankage 



Do- 
Matter 


Protein 


Fat 


Fiber 


61 


74 


39 


43 


55 


48 


50 


50 


61 


57 


50 


62 


62 


72 


43 


47 


61 


62 


62 


49 


66 


45 


70 


63 


57 


36 


67 


64 


48 


33 


36 


54 


66 


51 


82 


65 


87 


70 




37 




72 ■ 




34 


88 


66 


6i 




79 


52 


84 


45 


70 


77 


89 


31 


86 


70 


89 


50 


80 


' 57 


88 


100 


62 


67 


70 


36 


79 


75 


94 


65 


66 


77 


63 


41 


82 


88 


86. 


36 


i 


77 


88 


30 


87 


88 


36 




87 


83 


55 


26 


87 


85 


82 


76 


62 


80 


90 


50 


79 


73 


95 


95 


79 


89 


89 


57 


77 


83 


94 


35 


41 


6 


79 


47 


80 


78 


97 


63 


77 


51 




72 


83 


62 




80 


78 


32 






98 


95 


00 




92 


97 


187 





N-free 
Extract 



72 
62 
62 
72 
69 

73 
59 
46 
71 
95 

97 
92 

88 
77 
92 

84 
71 
85 
71 

88 

78 
88 ! 
94 
89 
60 

81 

78 
78 
34 
83 

86 

91 

90 

100 



1 Calculated. 



2 Assumed. 



136 



SUGGESTED APPARATUS 

1. One analytical balance, capacity 200 grams to one milligram $15.00 

2. One set metric weights, 100 grams to one milligram 2.75 

3. One Barnes dissecting microscope 1-50 

4. One tripod magnifier ' ° 

5. One gross 3x1 inch slides 85 

6. One ounce No. 2 circular covers, 18 mm. diameter 60 

7. One forcep, medium straight, 120 mm. long 45 

8. Petri dishes, 4 inches, with covers 300 

9. One dropping bottle, one ounce.^ 20 

10. Two Griffin beakers, 100 c.e 48 

11. One scalpel, Y 2 inch 25 

12. 5J4-inch brass sieves, one 50-inch mesh • • • • -70 

13. One set of two sieves, 20- and 80-inch mesh, with cover and pan 1-50 

$27.74 



137 












,L I SS RY 0F INGRESS 




